james ii of england

 

James II and VII ( 14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701) was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685 until he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. King James II of England ruled fromApril 23, 1685 , until December 11, 1688. 3. He was the last Catholic monarch of England, Scotland, and Ireland; his reign is now remembered primarily for struggles over religious tolerance. 14 October 1633 – 6 February 1685: The Duke of York, 10 May 1659 – 6 February 1685: The Earl of Ulster, 31 December 1660 – 6 February 1685: The Duke of Albany, Plumb, J. H. (1937). That revolution, engendered by James’s Roman Catholicism, permanently established Parliament as the ruling power in England. [29], In 1659, while trying to seduce her, James promised he would marry Anne. [68] While some in the English Parliament remained wary of the possibility of a Roman Catholic king, the threat of excluding James from the throne had passed. "[3], James was created "Duke of Normandy" by King Louis XIV of France on 31 December 1660. He converted to Roman Catholicism (1669) and was forced to resign all his offices. 1 Portraits; 2 Family. In Scotland, he was "James the Seventh, by the Grace of God, King of Scotland, England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc. Jump to navigation Jump to search. He was the second surviving son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France, James with his father, Charles I. James' first wife was Anne Hyde. [89] In March 1686, James sent a letter to the Scottish Privy Council advocating toleration for Roman Catholics but not for rebellious Presbyterian Covenanters. [31] Only two daughters survived: Mary (born 30 April 1662) and Anne (born 6 February 1665). [83], To protect himself from further rebellions, James sought safety by enlarging his standing army. [32] Samuel Pepys wrote that James was fond of his children and his role as a father, and played with them "like an ordinary private father of a child", a contrast to the distant parenting common with royalty at the time.[33]. The official style of James in England was "James the Second, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc." Spelling modernized for clarity; quoted by Adrian Tinniswood (2003). Argyll sailed to Scotland and, on arriving there, raised recruits mainly from his own clan, the Campbells. [114] They had already entered into negotiations with the Prince of Orange when it became known the Queen was pregnant, and the birth of a son reinforced their convictions.[115]. [84] This alarmed his subjects, not only because of the trouble soldiers caused in the towns, but because it was against the English tradition to keep a professional army in peacetime. Charles died in 1685 from apoplexy after converting to Catholicism on his deathbed. [30] Anne became pregnant in 1660, but following the Restoration and James's return to power, no one at the royal court expected a prince to marry a commoner, no matter what he had pledged beforehand. [144] Sophia was a granddaughter of James VI and I through his eldest daughter, Elizabeth Stuart, the sister of Charles I. "Between Revolutions: Re-appraising the Restoration in Britain", Goodlad, Graham (2007). James fled to France, where he had his own court. [143], The rest of James's body was laid to rest in a triple sarcophagus (consisting of two wooden coffins and one of lead) at the St Edmund's Chapel in the Church of the English Benedictines in the Rue St. Jacques in Paris, with a funeral oration by Henri-Emmanuel de Roquette. [148] Henry was the last of James II's legitimate descendants, and no relative has publicly acknowledged the Jacobite claim since his death in 1807. von Oranien, dem Statthalter der Vereinigten Niederlande, verheiratet. Jakob II. James reluctantly acquiesced after his brother and nephew had agreed the marriage. Prall, at 148, calls him a "Catholic sympathizer". That is why his heart was not in the concessions he had to make in 1688. [116] By September, it had become clear that William sought to invade. [69] Having no legitimate children, Charles was succeeded by his brother James, who reigned in England and Ireland as James II, and in Scotland as James VII. James, the second surviving son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France, was born at St. James's Palace in 1633 and created Duke of York in 1644. In 1685, James prorogued it and ruled alone. [138], During his last years, James lived as an austere penitent. Wählen Sie aus erstklassigen Bildern zum Thema James Ii Of England in höchster Qualität. The English coronation only crowned James King of England and Ireland; James was never crowned in Scotland, but was proclaimed. When James commanded the Royal Navy during the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665–1667) he immediately directed the fleet towards the capture of forts off the African coast that would facilitate English involvement in the slave trade (indeed English attacks on such forts occupied by the Dutch precipitated the war itself). Monmouth's rebellion was coordinated with Argyll's, but the former was more dangerous to James. [93] Sunderland's purge of office-holders even extended to the King's brothers-in-law (the Hydes) and their supporters. [77] The rebellion was quickly crushed, and Argyll was captured at Inchinnan on 18 June 1685. [118] James lost his nerve and declined to attack the invading army, despite his army's numerical superiority. The Jacobite succession is the line through which Jacobites believed that the crowns of England, Scotland, and Ireland should have descended, applying primogeniture, since the deposition of James II and VII in 1688 and his death in 1701. The last Catholic monarch, King James II’s reign was very brief. When Charles I was executed by the rebels in 1649, monarchist… [45], Growing fears of Roman Catholic influence at court led the English Parliament to introduce a new Test Act in 1673. The first of these is that James purposefully "followed the French Sun King, Louis XIV, in trying to create a modern Catholic polity. [129] James fled to France once more, departing from Kinsale, never to return to any of his former kingdoms. His last descendant in the legitimate line, Henry Benedict Stuart, died in 1807, but there are descendants in illegitimate lines to this day. Media in category "James II of England" The following 72 files are in this category, out of 72 total. However, it also involved the principles of absolutism and divine right of kings, and his deposition ended a century of political and civil strife by confirming the pri… In November, William landed with an army in Devon. [21] Turenne's favour led to James being given command of a captured Irish regiment in December 1652, and being appointed Lieutenant-General in 1654. It is also called the Bloodless Revolution..... Click the link for more information. Although James was the heir presumptive, it seemed unlikely that he would inherit the Crown, as Charles was still a young man capable of fathering children. [85] Even more alarming to Parliament was James's use of his dispensing power to allow Roman Catholics to command several regiments without having to take the oath mandated by the Test Act. As a result of this legislation James was forced to resign as Lord High Admiral. James II, king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1685 to 1688. Having no desire to make James a martyr, the Prince of Orange let him escape on 23 December. James II of England (IV of Scotland) was the second son of Charles I and succeeded his brother Charles II to the crown of England and Scotland in 1685. [86] In the beginning of 1686, two papers were found in Charles II's strong box and his closet, in his own hand, stating the arguments for Catholicism over Protestantism. [56] Some members of Parliament even proposed that the crown go to Charles's illegitimate son, James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth. "[99] At the same time, James provided partial toleration in Scotland, using his dispensing power to grant relief to Roman Catholics and partial relief to Presbyterians. In 1648, he escaped from the Palace, from there he went to The Hague in disguise. [20], Like his brother, James sought refuge in France, serving in the French army under Turenne against the Fronde, and later against their Spanish allies. [109], In April 1688, James re-issued the Declaration of Indulgence, subsequently ordering Anglican clergy to read it in their churches. James published these papers with a declaration signed by his sign manual and challenged the Archbishop of Canterbury and the whole Anglican episcopal bench to refute Charles's arguments: "Let me have a solid answer, and in a gentlemanlike style; and it may have the effect which you so much desire of bringing me over to your church." [61] In 1680, he was appointed Lord High Commissioner of Scotland and took up residence at the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh to suppress an uprising and oversee royal government. Clan, the Dean of the Boyne in July 1690, was born at St. James 's canonisation but! Normandy '' by King Louis XIV of France – for support, Argyll..., vii–xv, for a General election York was born at St. James 's Jesuit,! Generous life income, including the Test Acts that prevented Catholics from Members. 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